Canadian Science X Foundation of classical dynamical density functional theory: uniqueness of time-dependent density–potential mappings Canadian Science Letters X HOME JOURNALS PRICING AND PLANS SUBMIT csx-home>vol-01>issue-02>Foundation of classical dynamical density functional theory: uniqueness of time-dependent density–potential mappings Locked Premium Submitted 10 March 2023 Revised 12 April 2023 Accepted 23 April 2023 Foundation of classical dynamical density functional theory: uniqueness of time-dependent density–potential mappings Michael Andreas Klatt Hartmut L¨owen Ren´e Wittmann Canadian Science Letters X 2023 ° 23(04) ° 01-02 https://www.wikipt.org/csx-home DOI : 10.1490/698502.365csx Funding Agent Details This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), through the SPP 2265, under Grant Nos. WI 5527/1-1 and LO 418/25-1. Unlock Only Read-only this publication This option will drive you towards only the selected publication. If you want to save money then choose the full access plan from the right side. Buy Unlock all Get access to entire database This option will unlock the entire database of us to you without any limitations for a specific time period. This offer is limited to 100000 clients if you make delay further, the offer slots will be booked soon. Afterwards, the prices will be 50% hiked. Unlock us Abstract When can we uniquely map the dynamic evolution of a classical density to a timedependent potential? In equilibrium, without time dependence, the one-body density uniquely specifies the external potential that is applied to the system. This mapping from a density to the potential is the cornerstone of classical density functional theory (DFT). Here, we derive rigorous and explicit conditions for such a unique mapping between a nonequilibrium density profile and a time-dependent external potential. We thus prove the underlying assertion of dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) — with or without the so-called adiabatic approximation often used in applications. We also illustrate loopholes when our conditions are violated so that two distinct external potentials result in the same density profiles but different currents — as suggested by the framework of power functional theory (PFT). 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In essentially all relevant cases, there exists a unique mapping from the one-body density ρ(x) to an external potential V (x) for x ∈ R d in d dimensions and for a given interaction potential, temperature, and number of particles (or chemical potential). Remarkably, because of this unique mapping, the one-body density specifies a many-body system in equilibrium and hence all higher-body correlations. The existence of such a unique density–potential mapping was first proven in the context of quantum mechanics by Hohenberg and Kohn [15], Kohn and Sham [16], and Mermin [21]. Mermin’s generalized arguments can be directly applied to classical many-body systems as elaborated by Evans [9] and later rigorously confirmed by Chayes, Chayes, and Lieb [3]. The unique mapping exists under mild and natural conditions on the density and interparticle interactions that essentially assume finite energies. Among others, this result implies a formal equivalence of Mermin-Evans DFT to the alternative framework [7] based on Levy constrained search [17] (which does not a priori restrict to density profiles that are realizable by an external potential). Conclusion So far, we have assumed the existence of a well-behaved solution P(x N , t), but a proof of existence can be constructed similarly to our proof of uniqueness. Analogously, van Leeuwen [32] generalized the argument by Runge and Gross [26] in quantum mechanics. We, therefore, expect that our proof can also be generalized, but an additional difficulty arises. The existence of a suitable potential requires the solution to an inhomogeneous PDE analogous to (4.9). The resulting conditions on the density and interaction potential should include, as a special case, the known conditions for systems in equilibrium [3]. Similar questions have recently been discussed in quantum mechanics [35]. Another open problem is to drop the condition of analytic potentials. As mentioned above, a fixed-point approach as in [23, 24] could avoid this restriction. A useful generalization would also be to include unnormalizable densities to rigorously treat periodic boundary conditions. Finally, we can generalize the pairwise-interacting passive particles to (i) many-body interactions and marked particles, as well as to (ii) non-conservative forces, such as for active particles. (i) Higher-body interactions lead to more complex average interaction forces but do not change the structure of the hierarchy, so our method of proof should apply. Similarly, our proof should be generalizable to marked particles, where the marks may represent different particle shapes or orientations [22]. (ii) If a known non-conservative force field is added to (2.3), we expect that the corresponding terms drop out similar to (4.2) and (4.4). Thus, the uniqueness of the density-potential mapping equally holds for intrinsically nonequilibrium systems, such as active particles [34]. References [1] A. J. Archer and R. Evans. Dynamical density functional theory and its application to spinodal decomposition. J. Chem. Phys., 121:4246–4254, 2004. [2] G. K.-L. Chan and R. Finken. Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory of Classical Fluids. Phys. Rev. Lett., 94:183001, 2005. [3] J. T. Chayes, L. Chayes, and E. H. Lieb. The inverse problem in classical statistical mechanics. Commun.Math. Phys., 93:57–121, 1984. [4] D. de las Heras, J. Renner, and M. Schmidt. Custom flow in overdamped Brownian dynamics. Phys. Rev. E, 99:023306, 2019. [5] D. de las Heras, T. Zimmermann, F. Samm¨uller, S. Hermann, and M. Schmidt. Perspective: How to overcome dynamical density functional theory. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 2023. [6] A. K. Dhara and S. K. Ghosh. Density-functional theory for time-dependent systems. Phys. Rev. A, 35:442–444, 1987. [7] W. S. B. Dwandaru and M. Schmidt. Variational principle of classical density functional theory via Levy’s constrained search method. Phys. Rev. E, 83:061133, 2011. [8] P. Espa˜nol and H. L¨owen. Derivation of dynamical density functional theory using the projection operator technique. J. Chem. Phys., 131:244101, 2009. [9] R. Evans. The nature of the liquid-vapour interface and other topics in the statistical mechanics of non-uniform, classical fluids. Adv. Phys., 28:143–200, 1979. [10] R. Evans. Density functionals in the theory of non-uniform fluids. In D. Henderson, editor, Fundamentals of Inhomogeneous Fluids, pages 85–175. Marcel Dekker, 1992. [11] D. Gilbarg and N. S. Trudinger. Elliptic Partial Differential Equations of Second Order, volume 224 of Classics in Mathematics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2001. [12] E. K. U. Gross and W. Kohn. Time-Dependent Density-Functional Theory. In P.-O. L¨owdin, editor, Advances in Quantum Chemistry, volume 21 of Density Functional Theory of Many-Fermion Systems, pages 255–291. Academic Press, 1990. [13] E. K. U. Gross and N. T. Maitra. Introduction to TDDFT. In M. A. Marques, N. T. Maitra, F. M. Nogueira, E. Gross, and A. Rubio, editors, Fundamentals of Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory, Lecture Notes in Physics, pages 53–99. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012. [14] J.-P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald. Theory of Simple Liquids: With Applications to Soft Matter. Academic Press, Amsterdam, fourth edition, 2013. [15] P. Hohenberg and W. Kohn. Inhomogeneous Electron Gas. Phys. Rev., 136:B864– B871, 1964. [16] W. Kohn and L. J. Sham. Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects. Phys. Rev., 140:A1133–A1138, 1965. [17] M. Levy. Universal variational functionals of electron densities, first-order density matrices, and natural spin-orbitals and solution of the v-representability problem. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 76:6062–6065, 1979. [18] H. L¨owen. Dynamical Density Functional Theory for Brownian Dynamics of Colloidal Particles. In J. Wu, editor, Variational Methods in Molecular Modeling, Molecular Modeling and Simulation, pages 255–284. Springer, Singapore, 2017. [19] N. T. Maitra and K. Burke. Demonstration of initial-state dependence in timedependent density-functional theory. Phys. Rev. A, 63:042501, 2001. 20] U. M. B. Marconi and P. Tarazona. Dynamic density functional theory of fluids. J. Chem. Phys., 110:8032–8044, 1999. [21] N. D. Mermin. Thermal Properties of the Inhomogeneous Electron Gas. Phys. Rev., 137:A1441–A1443, 1965. [22] M. Rex, H. H. Wensink, and H. L¨owen. Dynamical density functional theory for anisotropic colloidal particles. Phys. Rev. E, 76:021403, 2007. [23] M. Ruggenthaler, K. J. H. Giesbertz, M. Penz, and R. van Leeuwen. Density-potential mappings in quantum dynamics. Phys. Rev. A, 85:052504, 2012. [24] M. Ruggenthaler, M. Penz, and R. van Leeuwen. Existence, uniqueness, and construction of the density-potential mapping in time-dependent density-functional theory. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 27:203202, 2015. [25] M. Ruggenthaler and R. van Leeuwen. Global fixed-point proof of time-dependent density-functional theory. EPL, 95:13001, 2011. [26] E. Runge and E. K. U. Gross. Density-Functional Theory for Time-Dependent Systems. Phys. Rev. Lett., 52:997–1000, 1984. [27] M. Schmidt. Power functional theory for many-body dynamics. Rev. Mod. Phys., 94:015007, 2022. [28] M. Schmidt and J. M. Brader. Power functional theory for Brownian dynamics. J. Chem. Phys., 138:214101, 2013. [29] M. te Vrugt, H. L¨owen, and R. Wittkowski. Classical dynamical density functional theory: From fundamentals to applications. Adv. Phys., 69:121–247, 2020. [30] S. M. Tschopp and J. M. Brader. First-principles superadiabatic theory for the dynamics of inhomogeneous fluids. J. Chem. Phys., 157:234108, 2022. 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Debarka Mukhopadhyay Editor of Physics Tomorrow Letters || Rich and dynamic experience of more than twelve years after post graduation and currently associated with the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Adamas University of Technology, West Bengal. Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay Specialist researcher of Quantum dot Cellular Automata debarka.mukhopadhyay@gmail.com Overview. Rich and dynamic experience of more than twelve years after post graduation and currently associated with the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Adamas University, Kolkata as Associate Professor. Enthusiastic and result oriented individual with PhD in Computer Science & Engineering from the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal and M.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering from Kalyani Govt Engineering College under the West Bengal University of Technology. Educational Background 2013- 2017 | Doctorate of Philosophy(Ph.D.), Computer Science & Engineering, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal, formarly West Bengal University of Technology. 2005–2007 | Master of Technology(M.Tech), Computer Science & Engineering, Kalyani Government Engineering College, Under West Bengal University of Technology. 2005 | Graduate Aptitude Test In Engineering(GATE). December 1996 | Bachelor of Engineering, Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering. December 2003 | I.E.T.E (New Delhi) (AICTE and MHRD approved and recognized by AIU), I.E.T.E is notified as Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (SIRO) and an educational Institution of national eminence by Govt of India. 1993 | Higher Secondary(12th), WBCHSE, Percentage – 70.3. 1990 | Madhyamik(10th), WBBHSE, Percentage – 65. Doctorate Thesis Study on Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Based Circuit Design, Testing and Analysis. Description | The thesis deals with methodologies of regulating the clock signal to achieve minimum wastage of energy while executing Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) architectures. During the past few years, enormous efforts have been devoted by the research community worldwide towards studying so many energy-related issues. In spite of tremendous efforts by the researchers, findings of efficient clocking model and relevant energy parameters were unexplored. This work includes findings of formalism for the system energy which combines kinetic and potential Energy. Another formalism determines the minimum energy to overcome the tunnel barrier. Few remarkable observations have been made, Dissipated Energy Frequency is observed to be directly proportional to the number of cells N in the architecture and (n2 − 1), where n stands for Electron Quantum Number. Incident Energy Frequency is directly proportional to the number of cells N in the architecture and to the quadratic function of Electron Quantum Number n and Intermediate Electron Quantum Number n2, i.e., (n2− n22). Relaxation Time τ is inversely proportional to the product of N and (n2−1). Incident Time is inversely proportional to the number of cells and to the quadratic function of n and n2. Dissipation Time is inversely proportional to the number of cells in the architecture and quadratic function of n. Switching Time is inversely proportional to the number of cells and to the quadratic function of Electron Quantum Number n and Intermediate Electron Quantum Number n2. Propagation Time is the Switching Time of the first clock zone added with Relaxation Time of remaining zones. Differential Frequency is directly proportional to the product of N and (n2− 1). It has also been observed that even if Es ≥ 2NEc, there is a strictly positive probability of reflection of electrons from the energy barrier. Here Es is System Energy and Ec is barrier energy. On the contrary, if Es ≥ 2NEc, there is a strictly positive probability of transmission through the energy barrier. All the findings are extensively studied and analyses are reported with various reversible and non reversible circuit units in various chapters. Masters Thesis Quantum Circuit Synthesis and Optimization Applying Genetic Algorithm. Supervisors | Professor Paramartha Dutta, Kalyani Govt. Engineering College (then) & [Details unavailable ] Professor Amlan Chakraborti, Calcutta University. [Details unavailable ] Description | Description Quantum computing has initiated the design of systems based on quantum logic gates. The complex quantum circuit is designed using the basic quantum gates. In this study, we have applied a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the quantum circuits. Our goal is to perform automatic quantum circuit synthesis for a given functional description. We employ simulation in order to determine the final quantum state. Here the GA should employ the variable crossover and mutation point which is different from the previously published methods. Experience 1st Dec 2018– Present | Associate Professor in the Department of Computer science & Engineering, Adamas University, Kolkata. Extensive Research and Teaching 2nd May 2018–Nov 2018 | Associate Professor in the Department of Computer science & Engineering and Dean(Incharge) Research, Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology and Management, Durgapur, Rahul Foundation. Extensive Research and Teaching 2nd September 2015– 30th April 2018 | Assistant Professor, Department of Computer science & Engineering and Information Technology, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University Kolkata. Responsible for assisting in the educational and social development of pupils under the direction and guidance of the Director. Organising classes and responding to the strengths and needs of students during lessons. Duties: { Appointed as Coordinator of Board of Studies with the Amity Institute of Information Technology, Amity University, Kolkata. 6th July 2010–1st September 2015 | Assistant Professor, Department of Computer science and Engineering, Bengal Institute of Technology and Manage- meant, Santiniketan, Under the West Bengal University of Technology, Approved by AICTE. Responsible for assisting in the educational and social development of pupils under the direction and guidance of the Director. Organising classes and responding to the strengths and needs of students during lessons. Duties: Planning & delivering well-structured lessons which engage & motivate students. Planning and organising visits, field studies and special activities connected with the teaching of the subject. Supporting the department in delivering the curriculum effectively. Managing resources effectively. Organising and supporting a range of extra-curricular activities. 26th May 2007 – Senior Faculty(Corporate Trainer), apl Ltd, Noida, Uttar Pradesh. 5st July 2010 Dynamic, trainer offering a solid history of increasing corporate revenue, enhancing client effectiveness and establishing loyal customer relations through training program design and delivery. Duties: Proving training and consultation for corporate clients. Developing and customizing training contents as per the client requirements. Training using relevant training material. Instructing the client on various areas such as soft skills training, employee development customer service etc. Attending meeting with clients and corporates. Sponsored Projects On design of an ultra low power water purification system using Molecular Quantum Dot Cellular Automata based nanotechnology. Principal Investigator | Dr. Paramartha Dutta CO-Principal Investigator | Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay Funding Agency | Dubai Future Foundation, The United Arab Emirates Project Scheme | MBR Space Settlement Challenge Grant amount | 60 000 AED Status | Submitted and under processing Patents 1. A Portable X-Ray System Based on the Molecular Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Name of Inventors | Prof(Dr) Sudipta Roy, Assam University, Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta, Visva- Bharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata, Siddhartha Bhattacharyya Name of applicant | Triguna Sen School of Technology (TSSOT), Assam University, Silchar Pub. No | WO2018065828; 12/04/2018 PCT Number & date | PCT/IB2017/050329; 23/01/2017 2. Quantum Dot Cellular Automata based Food Irradiation System and Method of its working Name of Inventors | Prof(Dr) Sudipta Roy, Assam University, Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta, VisvaBharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata, Ms. Mili Ghosh, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan. Name of applicant | Triguna Sen School of Technology (TSSOT), Assam University, Silchar Pub. No | WO/2018/122622 and Date: 05.07.2018 PCT Number & date | PCT/IB2017/050660; 08/02/2017 3. Quantum Dot Cellular Automata based Portable Cancer Cell Demolition System and Method of its operation thereof Name of Inventors | Prof(Dr) Sudipta Roy, Assam University, Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta, VisvaBharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata, Ms. Sunanda Mondal, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan. Name of applicant | Triguna Sen School of Technology (TSSOT), Assam University, Silchar Pub. No | WO/2018/100438; 07.06.2018 PCT Number & date | PCT/IB2017/050622; 04/02/2017 4. Quantum Dot Cellular Automata based Radiation Knife for Radiosurgery and Method of its working Name of Inventors | Prof(Dr) Sudipta Roy, Assam University, Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta, Visva- Bharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata, Mrs. Kakali Datta, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan . Name of applicant | Triguna Sen School of Technology (TSSOT), Assam University, Silchar Pub. No | WO/2018/122624; 05.07.2018 PCT Number & date | PCT/IB2017/051596; 20/03/2017 5. Quantum Dot Cellular Automata based Portable Industrial Radiography System Name of Inventors | Prof(Dr) Sudipta Roy, Assam University, Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta, Visva- Bharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata Triguna Sen School of Technology (TSSOT), Assam University, Silchar . Name of applicant | Triguna Sen School of Technology (TSSOT), Assam University, Silchar Pub. No | WO/2018/127742; 12.07.2018 PCT Number & date | PCT/IB2017/051624; 21/03/2017 6. AN iot SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SHORTEST PATH ESTI- MATION/PLANNING FOR CONNECTED AUTONOMOUS MOBILE BODIES Name of Inventors | Mr. Tanmoy Chakraborti, Adamas University, Kolkata, Mr. Anirban Das, Adamas University, Kolkata, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Adamas University, Kolkata. . Name of applicant | Adamas University, Kolkata IPO Number & Filing date | 201931015585; 18/04/2019 7. A Molecular QCA based Bug Zapper System Name of Inventors | Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta, Visva-Bharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata, Prof(Dr) Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, Principal, RCCIIT, Kolkata . Name of applicant | Debarka Mukhopadhyay IPO Number & Filing date | 201731011403; 30/03/2017 8. A Molecular QCA based Ultraviolet ray generating unit for light Therapy Name of Inventors | Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta,Visva-Bharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata, Prof(Dr) Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, Principal, RCCIIT, Kolkata . Name of applicant | Debarka Mukhopadhyay IPO Number & Filing date | 201731011398; 30/03/2017 9. A Molecular QCA based CT Scan System Name of Inventors | Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta,Visva-Bharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata, Prof(Dr) Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, Principal, RCCIIT, Kolkata, Dr. Paritosh Bhattacharya, NIT, Agartala . Name of applicant | Debarka Mukhopadhyay IPO Number & Filing date | 201731011402; 30/03/2017 10. A Molecular QCA based UV lamp for Water purification Name of Inventors | Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta,Visva-Bharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata, Prof(Dr) Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, Principal, RCCIIT, Kolkata . Name of applicant | Debarka Mukhopadhyay IPO Number & Filing date | 201731011405; 30/03/2017 11. A PORTABLE MOLECULAR QUANTUM DOT CELLULAR AUTOMATA X-RAY SYSTEM AND METHOD OF ITS OPERATION THEREOF Name of Inventors | Prof(Dr) Sudipta Roy, Assam University, Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta,Visva- Bharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata, Prof(Dr) Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, Principal, RCCIIT, Kolkata . Name of applicant | Debarka Mukhopadhyay IPO Number & Filing date | 201731011405; 30/03/2017 12. QUANTUM DOT CELLULAR AUTOMATA BASED PORTABLE FOOD IRRADIATION SYSTEM AND METHOD OF ITS WORKING Name of Inventors | Prof(Dr) Sudipta Roy, Assam University, Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta,VisvaBharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata, Ms. Mili Ghosh, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan . Name of applicant | Debarka Mukhopadhyay IPO Number & Filing date | IN201731011405; 07/04/2017 13. QUANTUM DOT CELLULAR AUTOMATA BASED PORTABLE CANCER CELL DEMOLITION SYSTEM AND METHOD OF ITS OPERATION THEREOF Name of Inventors | Prof(Dr) Sudipta Roy, Assam University, Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta,VisvaBharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata, Ms. Sunanda Mondal, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan . Name of applicant | Debarka Mukhopadhyay IPO Number & Filing date | IN201631041316; 07/04/2017 14. QUANTUM DOT CELLULAR AUTOMATA BASED RADIATION KNIFE FOR RADIOSURGERY AND METHOD OF ITS WORKING Name of Inventors | Prof(Dr) Sudipta Roy, Assam University, Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta,Visva- Bharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata, Mrs, Kakali Datta, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan . Name of applicant | Debarka Mukhopadhyay IPO Number & Filing date | IN201631045061; 07/04/2017 15. QUANTUM DOT CELLULAR AUTOMATA BASED PORTABLE IN- DUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY SYSTEM Name of Inventors | Prof(Dr) Sudipta Roy, Assam University, Prof.(Dr) Paramartha Dutta,Visva- Bharati University, Dr. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amity University, Kolkata . Name of applicant | Debarka Mukhopadhyay IPO Number & Filing date | IN201731000500; 07/04/2017 Reviewer Reviewer of ACM Journal of Emerging Technologies and Computing System. Reviewer of Microelectronics Journal. List of M.Tech Project Supervised Design and Analysis of Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Flip-Flops – A nano-technology approach in 2013. Design and Analysis of Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata 4 : 1 Multiplexer in 2014. Publications International and National Conference Publications Mili Ghosh, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, "A 2 Dot 1 Electron Quantum Cellular Automata based Parallel Memory", Vol 339, pp.627-636, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer India, INDIA 2015. Paramartha Dutta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, “New Architecture for Flip Flops using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata” Proceedings of the 48th Annual Convention of Computer Society of India, Vol II, Springer, pp 707-714, 2013. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amalendu Si,“Quantum Circuit Synthesis and Optimization Applying Genetic Algorithm",National Conference on Computing and Systems 2010, Department of Computer Sc. Burdwan University, WB, pp 80-85, 2010. K. Datta, D. Mukhopadhyay, P. Dutta, “ Design of n-to-2n Decoder using 2- Dimensional 2-Dot 1-Electron Quantum Cellular Automata”,National Conference on Computing, Communication and Information Processing, Excellent Publishing House, pp. 7791 (2015). S. Mondal, D. Mukhopadhyay, P. Dutta “A Novel Design of a Logically Reversible Half Adder using 4-Dot 2-Electron QCA”,National Conference on Computing, Communication and Information Processing, Excellent Publishing House, 2015, pp. 123-130, (2015). Mili Ghosh, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “2 Dimensional 2 Dot 1 Electron Quantum Cellular Automata Based Dynamic Memory Design", Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing (AISC), Springer, (2015). Mili Ghosh, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “A Novel Parallel Memory Design using 2 Dot 1 Electron QCA”, IEEE 2nd International Conference on Recent Trends in Information Systems, PP. 485- 490 (2015). Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “Design of a Logically Reversible Half Adder using 2D 2-Dot 1-Electron QCA", Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing (AISC),Springer, (2015). Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “Design of a 2-Dot 1-Electron QCA Full Adder using Logically Reversible Half Adders", IEEE ISACC 2015 (2015). Mili Ghosh, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta,“Design and Analysis of two dot one electron QCA ExOR Gate in Logically Reversible Gate Design", IEEE International Symposium on Advanced Computing and Communication (ISACC) 2015, Assam University, Silchar, India, pp. 275-280. Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “Design of a binary to BCD conveter using 2D 2-Dot 1-Electron Quantum Dot Cellular Automata", Procedia Computer Science, pages 153-159, vol: 70, Elsevier, (2015). Mili Ghosh, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “2-Dimensional 2-Dot 1-Electron Quantum Cellular Automata-Based Dynamic Memory Design",Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Frontiers in Intelligent Computing: Theory and Applications (FICTA), pages 357-365, vol: 404, Springer India, (2015). Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “Design of a Logically Reversible Half Adder Using 2D 2-Dot 1-Electron QCA",Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Frontiers in Intelligent Computing: Theory and Applications (FICTA), pages 379-389, vol: 404, Springer India, (2015). Sunanda Mondal, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “A Design Of a 4 Dot 2 Electron QCA Full Adder using Two Reversible Half Adders”, vol 458.Springer, Singapore, pp 327-335 (2017). Mili Ghosh, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “A 2D 2 Dot 1 Electron Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Based Logically Reversible 2:1 Multiplexer”, IEEE International Conference on Research in Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (ICRCICN), pp. 300- 305, ( 2015). Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “Design of Ripple Carry Adder using 2-Dimensional 2-Dot 1-Electron Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata”, Springer India, INDIA -2016, Vol: 1, PP: 263-270, (2016). Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “Two-dot One-electron QCA Design of Parity Generator and Checker”, 3rd International Conference on Microelectronics, Circuits and Systems, Micro 2016 (Accepted). Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “Design of a BCD Adder using 2-Dimensional Two-Dot One-Electron Quantum Dot Cellular Automata”, 1st International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Communication, Springer Singapore, PP 345-354, 2017. M. Ghosh, D. Mukhopadhyay and P. Dutta, “Design of an Efficient 2-Dot 1 Electron QCA based Non-reversible Adder", in proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Microelectronic Circuit and System (Micro-2016), July 2016, PP 106-112, 2015, ISBN : 978-93-80813-45-5. Sunanda Mondal, Mili Ghosh, Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay and Paramartha Dutta, “A Design and Application Case Study of Binary Semaphore Using 2 Dimensional 2 Dot 1 Electron Quantum Dot Cellular Automata", in proceedings of Annual Convention of the Computer Society of India, January 2018, PP 428-448, 2018, Springer, Singapore, ISBN : 978-981-13-1342-4. Mili Ghosh, Debarka Mukhopadhyay and Paramartha Dutta, “A Study on Structural Benefits of Square Cells over Rectangular Cells in Case of 2Dot 1 Electron QCA Cells", International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communications, and Business Analytics, March 2017, PP 85-96, 2017, Springer, Singapore, Online ISBN 978-981-10-6430-2. Journal Publications Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta.“Quantum Cellular Automata Based Novel Unit Reversible Multiplexer”,Adv. Sci. Lett. Amarican Sci. Pub.(Scopus Indexed journal) 16, 163-168 (2012). Debarka Mukhopadhyay,.Paramartha Dutta, “Quantum Cellular Automata Based Novel Unit 2:1 Multiplexer”.International Journal of Computer Applications,(UGC Listed journal) Vol 43, 2, (22-25)(2012). Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Sourav Dinda and Paramartha Dutta. “Designing and Implementation of Quantum Cellular Automata 2:1 Multiplexer Circuit". International Journal of Computer Applications,(UGC Listed Journal) Vol 25,1, (21-24), ( 2011). Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Amalendu Si, “Quantum Multiplexer Designing and Optimization applying Genetic Algorithm", International Journal of Computer Science Issues,(UGC Listed journal) Vol. 7, Issue 5, 2010. Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “A Study on Energy Optimized 4 Dot 2 Electron two dimensional Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Logical Reversible Flip Flops", Microelectronics Journal, Elsevier(SCI Indexed Journal), vol 46, Issue 4, pp 519-530, 2015. Arighna Sarkar, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, “Improved Quantum Dot Cellular Automata 4:1 multiplexer circuit unit", SOP Transaction on Nanotechnology, Vol. 1, No.1, May 2014. Mili Ghosh, Debarka Mukhopadhyay and Paramartha Dutta, “A Study on 2 Dimensional 2 Dot 1 Electron Quantum Dot Cellular Automata based Reversible 2:1 MUX Design: An Energy Analytical Approach”,International Journal of Computers and Applications (Scopus Indexed Journal), Pages 82-95, Volume 38, 2016, Issue 2-3, Taylor & Francis. Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay and Paramartha Dutta, “Design and Analysis of an Energy Efficient and Compact Two-Dimensional Two-Dot One-Electron Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Based Ripple Carry Adder”, International Journal of Convergence Computing (Scopus Indexed Journal), Volume 2, Issue 2, 161-182, Inderscience Publishers, 2016. Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay and Paramartha Datta, “Comprehensive Study on the Performance Comparison of Logically Reversible and Irreversible Parity Generator and Checker Designs using Two dimensional Two -dot One-electron QCA", Microsystem Technologies (SCI Indexed Journal), Springer, Volume 23, Number 1, PP.1-9,(2017). Mili Ghosh, Debarka Mukhopadhyay and Paramartha Datta, “Design of an Arithmetic Circuit using non-reversible adders in 2-dot 1 - electron QCA", Microsystem Technologies (SCI Indexed Journal), Vol 23, Pages: 1-11, Springer, (2017). Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay and Paramartha Datta, “Comprehensive design and analysis of grey code counter using 2- dimensional 2-dot 1 electron QCA ", Microsystem Technologies (SCI Indexed Journal), (2018), https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-018-3818-1. Mili Ghosh, Debarka Mukhopadhyay and Paramartha Datta, “Influence of structure of 2 Dimensional 2 Dot 1 Electron QCA cells in design of a pipelined subtractor ", Microsystem Technologies (SCI Indexed Journal),(2018) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-018-3826-1. Book Chapter Mili Ghosh, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “2 Dimensional 2 Dot 1 Electron Quantum Cellular Automata Based Dynamic Memory Design", Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing (AISC), Springer, (2015). Mili Ghosh, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, "A 2 Dot 1 Electron Quantum Cellular Automata based Parallel Memory", Vol 339, pp.627-636, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer India. Sunanda Mondal, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “A Design Of a 4 Dot 2 Electron QCA Full Adder using Two Reversible Half Adders”, vol 458.Springer, Singapore, pp 327-335 (2017). Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “Design of a BCD Adder using 2Dimensional Two-Dot One-Electron Quantum Dot Cellular Automata”, Intelligent Computing and Communication, Springer Singapore, PP 345-354, 2017. Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “Design of a Logically Reversible Half Adder Using 2D 2-Dot 1-Electron QCA", Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Frontiers in Intelligent Computing: Theory and Applications (FICTA), pages 379-389, vol: 404, Springer India, (2015). Kakali Datta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, Paramartha Dutta, “Design of Ripple Carry Adder using 2-Dimensional 2-Dot 1-Electron Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata”, Springer India, INDIA -2016, Vol: 1, PP: 263-270, (2016). Paramartha Dutta, Debarka Mukhopadhyay, “New Architecture for Flip Flops using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata” 48th Annual Convention of Computer Society of India, Vol II, Springer, pp 707-714, 2013. Memberships 2011 | MIEEE, Member of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEE] 2012 | MACM, Member of the Association of Computing Machinery. 2011 | LMIETE, Life member of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers. 2010 | LMISTE, Life member of the Indian Society for Technical Education. Workshop & Seminar 2010 | Participated in the Workshop on Matlab and Simulink Toolboxes, St. Xavier’s College in association with Computer Society of India Kolkata Chapter,W.B, India 2011 | Presented paper in the National Conference on Computing and Systems 2010, Department of Computer Sc. Burdwan University, WB 2013 | Presented paper in the 48th Annual Convention of Computer Society of India, Vishakhapattanam Chapter, India 2013 | Participated in three day IEEE workshop on “VLSI, Embedded system & Modern Communication System Design Techniques" organized by dept of ECE, BITM, Santiniketan. 2015 | Coordinated and participated in the two day’s Faculty Development Program being organized at BITM, Santiniketan 2018 | Participated in Short Term Training Program on Hardware Simulation of Electrical and Electronic Circuits, NITTTR, Kolkata from 18/06/2018 to 29/06/2018

Non-volatile device is proposed in this article based on quantum-dot cellular automata architecture, which will be efficiently useful as a binary qubit system. In standards, today' theoretical researches are going on the volatile QCA gates, which are efficient well in performance towards the rapid b Non-volatile device architecture using quantum dot cellular automata Soudip Sinha Roy 1 || Anusua Chakraborty 2 Non-volatile device is proposed in this article based on quantum-dot cellular automata architecture, which will be efficiently useful as a binary qubit system. In standards, today's theoretical researches are going on the volatile QCA gates, which are efficient well in performance towards the rapid binary data computation. However, what if it can store some data for a while. ? Therefore, a novel methodology has been proposed theoretically towards the non-volatility of the QCA cells. As expected that this gate would be able to exhibit the non-volatility.

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PTL NANO ||Combined Spectroscopy and Electrical Characterization of La: BaSnO3 Thin Films and Heterostructures PTL NANO HOME JOURNALS PRICING AND PLANS SUBMIT Locked Heading 4 Submitted - 06 February 2022 Wednesday, May 25, 2022 at 6:30:00 PM UTC I'm a paragraph. Click here to add your own text and edit me. It's easy. Apply Now Heading 6 Heading 6 BACK TO TOP Combined Spectroscopy and Electrical Characterization of La: BaSnO3 Thin Films and Heterostructures Arnaud P. Nono Tchiomo,1 PTL NANO "Acknolowdgement NA" Keyword Highlighted nanaoparticle heterostrusture, Combined Spectroscopy, Electrical Characterization of La:BaSnO3, Electrical Characterization, Thin Films Unlock Only Read-only this publication This option will drive you towards only the selected publication. If you want to save money then choose the full access plan from the right side. 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Unlock us Quick View Newly listed Tphysletters A Unifying Bag Model of Composite Fermionic Structures in a Cold Genesis Theory Regular Price $700.00 Sale Price $400.00 Excluding Sales Tax Quick View TphysicsLetters Detection of the large-scale tidal field with galaxy multiplet alignment in the Regular Price $1,900.00 Sale Price $950.00 Excluding Sales Tax Quick View Newly listed Tphysletters Violation of γ in Brans-Dicke gravity Regular Price $1,000.00 Sale Price $600.00 Excluding Sales Tax Quick View Astrophysics Observations and detectability of young Suns’ flaring and CME activity in optica Regular Price $1,000.00 Sale Price $450.00 Excluding Sales Tax Quick View TphysicsLetters Tunable structure-activity correlations of molybdenum dichalcogenides (MoX2; X=S Regular Price $2,000.00 Sale Price $400.00 Excluding Sales Tax Quick View New Thphysletters Bayesian and frequentist investigation of prior effects in EFTofLSS analyses of Regular Price $3,000.00 Sale Price $370.00 Excluding Sales Tax Quick View New Thphysletters A search for faint resolved galaxies beyond the Milky Way in DES Year 6: A new f Regular Price $1,900.00 Sale Price $750.00 Excluding Sales Tax Quick View New X-ray polarization properties of partially ionized equatorial obscurers around a Regular Price $800.00 Sale Price $350.00 Excluding Sales Tax Quick View New Unravelling multi-temperature dust populations in the dwarf galaxy Holmberg II Regular Price $1,200.00 Sale Price $400.00 Excluding Sales Tax Quick View New SpookyNet: Advancement in Quantum System Analysis through Convolutional Neural N Regular Price $1,500.00 Sale Price $500.00 Excluding Sales Tax Quick View New Rapid neutron star cooling triggered by accumulated dark matter Regular Price $1,500.00 Sale Price $500.00 Excluding Sales Tax Quick View Newly listed Tphysletters Searching for Radio Outflows from M31* with VLBI Observations Price $300.00 Excluding Sales Tax Load More Abstract For La-doped BaSnO3 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition, we combine chemical surface characterization and electronic transport studies to probe the evolution of electronic states in the band structure for different La-doping content. Systematic analyses of spectroscopic data based on fitting the core electron line shapes help to unravel the composition of the surface as well as the dynamics associated with increasing doping. These dynamics are observed with a more pronounced signature in the Sn 3d core level, which exhibits an increasing asymmetry to the high binding energy side of the peak with increasing electron density. Our results expand the current understanding of the interplay between the doping concentration, electronic band structure, and transport properties of epitaxial La: BaSnO3 films. Introduction The perovskite La-doped BaSnO3 (La: BaSnO3) is a novel transparent oxide semiconductor that exhibits outstanding room temperature (RT) electron mobility (µe) with high carrier density together with a high optical transmittance [1–3]. Owing to its unique electronic and optical properties, La: BaSnO3 has the potential for applications in transparent electronics [4–7], photovoltaics [8–11], as well as in thermoelectric [12–15], and multifunctional perovskite-based optoelectronic devices [10, 16, 17]. Furthermore, its low-power consumption combined with its ability to be heavily doped and its good stability at high temperatures make La: BaSnO3 a suitable material for integration in thermally stable capacitors, field-effect transistors, and power electronic devices [3, 4, 17–19]. The discovery of an RT µe of 320 cm2 V −1 s −1 (with corresponding carrier density, n = 8 × 1019 cm−3 ) in La: BaSnO3 single crystals [1–3] stimulated intense investigation into this material [4]. Particularly, the potential of La: BaSnO3 for device applications and heterostructures triggered considerable interest in thin films grown from this compound [5–7, 15, 17, 19–38]. However, the reported µe in La: BaSnO3 thin films have only reached a maximum value of 183 cm2 V −1 s −1 (n ' 1.2× 1020 cm−3 ) for epitaxial films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) [33]. Other growth techniques resulted in the following electron mobilities: 140 cm2 V −1 s −1 (n ' 5.2 × 1020 cm−3 ) for pulsed laser deposition (PLD) [27], 121 cm2 V −1 s −1 (n ' 4.0×1020 cm−3 ) for high-pressure magnetron sputtering [36], and 53 cm2 V −1 s −1 (n ' 2.0 × 1020 cm−3 ) for chemical solution deposition [39]. Various strategies to improve mobility in La: BaSnO3 epitaxial films have been explored. Such efforts include, for example, the incorporation of undoped BaSnO3 buffer layers to compensate for the lattice mismatch between the substrate and the active La: BaSnO3 top layers [7, 19, 26, 33], adsorption-controlled MBE for improved stoichiometry control [31–33, 40], very high temperature grown insulating buffer layer to reduce the density of threading dislocations [27], and post-growth annealing processes [22, 24, 41]. Besides the ongoing efforts for RT µe improvement, to gain a better understanding of the conduction mechanisms in La: BaSnO3 films, it is important to establish a proper correlation between the transport characteristics and the behaviour of the electronic states in the conduction band. This is crucial because the high ambient µe in La: BaSnO3 has been proposed to originate from both the small effective mass of the electrons at the conduction band minimum (CBM) [25, 42], which is associated with the largely dispersive Sn-5s conduction band and the low optical phonon scattering rate [19, 43]. Although several studies used photoemission spectroscopy techniques to investigate the electronic structure of La: BaSnO3 films [32, 43–46], only a few reports have combined electronic transport and spectroscopic studies to explore the evolution of electronic states in La: BaSnO3 films and heterostructures at different Ladoping levels [32, 43]. In particular, recent ex-situ hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES) experiments on La: BaSnO3 films demonstrated that both the CBM and the valence band maximum (VBM), as well as the core electrons, are effectively modified with increasing carrier density [32]. Thus, this result calls for additional combined spectroscopic and electrical characterizations to facilitate a more quantitative exploration of the evolution of the intrinsic properties of La: BaSnO3 films and heterostructures at different doping levels. Conclusion In summary, we have systematically investigated the evolution of electronic states in the band structure of La: BaSnO3 films at different La doping levels. A close connection between the transport and the spectroscopic characteristics is demonstrated. In particular, increasing the carrier concentration in the conduction band by doping is observed to significantly affect the core and valence band spectra. The Sn 3d core line shape presents a pronounced asymmetry variation with the carrier density and is fitted following the plasmon model applicable to metallic systems. Scans around the valence band spectra allowed the detection of the occupied states in the conduction bands. It is determined that surface contamination could potentially induce surface carrier accumulation, supported by the increase in the intensity of the CBM detected on the surface exposed to contamination. This study presents a detailed characterization of the chemical composition of the near-surface region of La: BaSnO3, and it provides a better picture of the interplay between the doping concentration, electronic band structure, and transport properties of epitaxial La: BaSnO3 films. References [1] H. J. Kim, U. Kim, H. M. Kim, T. H. Kim, H. S. Mun,B.-G. Jeon, K. T. Hong, W.-J. Lee, C. Ju, K. H. Kim, and K. Char, Appl. Phys. Express 5, 061102 (2012). [2] H. J. Kim, U. Kim, T. H. Kim, J. Kim, H. M. Kim, B.-G Jeon, W.-J. Lee, H. S. Mun, K. T. Hong, J. Yu, K. Char, and K. H. Kim, Phys. Rev. B 86, 165205 (2012). [3] X. Luo, Y. S. Oh, A. Sirenko, P. Gao, T. A. Tyson, K. Char, and S.-W. Cheong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 172112 (2012). [4] W.-J. Lee, H. J. Kim, J. Kang, D. H. Jang, T. H. Kim, J. 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Download Citation (0) PTL OPEN July 24, 2021 at 10:11:11 AM A Review on Nanofluids, Definition, Classification, Preparation, Characterization Methods and Application Nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles in fluids that show significant enhancement of their properties at modest nanoparticle concentrations. One of the most plausible applications of nanotechnology is to produce nanoparticles of high thermal conductivity and mixing with the base fluids that transfer energy forming what is called nanofluids. Adding of nanoparticles to the base fluid shows aremarkable enhancement of the thermal properties of the base properties. For this properties there is many research and review were reported to study nanofluids, in this review Definition, Classification, Preparation, Characterization Methods and Application of nanofluids were discussed briefly. Material Science Letters (IF 2.30) 2021 ° DD(MM) ° XX-XX https://www.wikipt.org/material-sci/ DOI: 10.1490/XXXX Keylines Introduction Modern nanotechnology provides new opportunities to process and produce materials with average crystallite sizes below 50 nm[1], fluids with nanoparticles suspended in them are called nanofluids, a term proposed in 1995 by Choi of the Argonne National Laboratory, U.S.A, [2]. Nanofluids are fluids with nanoparticles suspended in them are called nanofluids. In other words, nanofluids are nanoscale colloidal suspensions containing condensed nanomaterials. They are two-phase systems with one phase (solid phase) in another (liquid phase). [3]. Nanofluids have been shown to improve critical heat flux CHF under pool boiling conditions due to deposits of the nanoparticles on the heater surface [4]. As a bubble nucleates and evaporates, the local nanoparticle concentration increases, leading to their deposition in the vicinity of the nucleation cavities. Experiments with nanofluids of alumina particles under subcooled flow boiling in a large-diameter (8.7 mm) tube under vertical orientation have been investigated [5]. Pure water showed a CHF of 1.44 MW/m2 at an inlet subcooling of 20°C, while the nanofluids with 0.01% by volume alumina nanoparticles resulted in a CHF of 3.25 MW/m2 under a mass flux of 1500 kg/m2 s. The nature of the CHF failure was also noted to be quite different. The CHF with pure water resulted in a catastrophic failure of the tube at the cross-section, while the CHF with the alumina nanoparticles resulted in a localized pinhole type failure. The higher wettability caused by nanoparticle deposits is believed to improve wettability and prevent the growth of local burnout at the CHF location. Although these results are for a macroscale tube, they are included here to illustrate the basic mechanism that may be affecting nanofluid behavior in minicanals and microchannels as well. In a subsequent paper, heat transfer coefficients for the same tests were reported [6]. They observed no appreciable difference in the heat transfer coefficient between the nanofluids and pure water. an experiment was Conducted with copper–water nanofluids in 860-µm vertical channels under flow boiling conditions [7]. They noted that the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop both increased with the addition of three concentrations, 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 50 mg/L. The heat transfer coefficient increased over the entire range of quality. The heat transfer coefficient with pure water was well correlated [8] The increase in pressure drop observed with nanofluids is somewhat surprising, but it may be caused by the more prominent role played by the bubbles, which are faced with a more hydrophilic surface with nanofluids under subcooled flow boiling conditions [7]. Their two-phase friction pressure drop with pure water was well correlated [9]. Direct dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles plays a critical role [10]. When the particles were not well dispersed, the heat transfer coefficient decreased by as much as 55% in comparison to pure R-134a in a 7.9-mm inner diameter tube. Well-dispersed nanofluids containing polyester oil with CuO nanoparticles resulted in a 100% increase. The pressure drop increase was insignificant. experiments with deionized water and alumina nanofluids in 510-µm-diameter microchannels under low mass flow rate conditions of 600–1650 kg/m2 s was investigated [11] . They found that CHF with nanofluids increased by 51% with 0.1% by volume of alumina nanoparticles. CHF increased with nanoparticle concentration from 0.001% to 0.1% by volume. They also noted that the pressure fluctuations were quite different with the nanofluids. The surface of a Zirlo tube used in nuclear applications was modified. It was treated with anodic oxidation and resulted in improved wettability [12]. This surface also exhibited up to 60% enhancement in CHF over a plain tube at a mass flux CC. 4 INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTIONA Review on Nanofluids, Definition, Classification, Preparation, Characterization Methods and Application- Mohammed Sulieman Ali Eltoum of 1500 kg/m2 s. This further confirms that the surface wettability modification is the underlying reason for CHF enhancement with nanofluids. Flow boiling with nanofluids results in the deposition of nanoparticles on the heater surface. This thin layer of nanoparticles changes the surface wettability of the channel walls. The higher wettability alters bubble behavior and enhances CHF. Since deposition of the nanoparticles depends on a number of factors, such as the size and dispersion of the nanoparticles, heat fluxes, nanoparticle–liquid interaction, concentration, duration of operation, and the base surface conditions, significant variations in the experimental results are expected from different sources [13]. Providing a thin nanostructured layer on the heater surface by microfabrication techniques may be an alternate way to realize the same benefits. Nanofluids offered marginal improvement in heat transfer, but the particles deposited in large clusters near the channel exit, causing catastrophic failure [14]. In light of their findings, the longterm benefits on boiling performance need to be validated, and the effect of nanoparticles on the other system components needs to be carefully evaluated before their practical implementation [13]. Recently, nanotechnology has played a major part in multifields of heat transfer processes and developed a remarkable progress in the energy applications. One of the most plausible applications of nanotechnology is to produce nanoparticles of high thermal conductivity and mixing with the base fluids that transfer energy forming what is called nanofluids. Adding of nanoparticles to the base fluid shows a remarkable enhancement of the thermal properties of the base properties. Nanotechnology has greatly improved the science of heat transfer by improving the properties of the energytransmitting fluids. A high heat transfer could be obtained through the creation of innovative fluid (nanofluids). This also reduces the size of heat transfer equipment and saves energy [15]. Conclusion References Xiang-Qi Wang and Arun S. Mujumdar, A REVIEW ON NANOFLUIDS - PART I: THEORETICAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2008, 25, ( 04), 613 – 630. [2] Choi, S. U. S. Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids wit nanoparticles. Developments and Applications of Non-Newtonian Flows, FED-1995, 231/MD, 66, 99–105. [3] Wei Yu andHuaqing Xie, A Review on Nanofluids: Preparation, StabilityMechanisms, and Applications, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Journal of Nanomaterials,Volume 2012, Article ID 435873, 17 pages . 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