top of page
सामग्री विज्ञान पत्र
प्रकाशन पुरालेख
Citation (0)
PTL OPEN
24 जुलाई 2021 को 10:11:11 am बजे
A Review on Nanofluids, Definition, Classification, Preparation, Characterization Methods and Application
Nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles in fluids that show significant
enhancement of their properties at modest nanoparticle concentrations. One of the most plausible applications of nanotechnology is to produce nanoparticles of high thermal conductivity and mixing with the base fluids that transfer energy forming what is called nanofluids. Adding of nanoparticles to the base fluid shows aremarkable enhancement of the thermal properties of the base properties. For this properties there is many research and review were reported to study nanofluids, in this review Definition, Classification, Preparation, Characterization Methods and Application of nanofluids were discussed briefly.
Material Science Letters (IF 2.30) 2021 ° DD(MM) ° XX-XX
https://www.wikipt.org/material-sci/ DOI: 10.1490/XXXX
कीलाइन्स
परिचय
Modern nanotechnology provides new opportunities to process and produce materials with average crystallite sizes below 50 nm[1], fluids with nanoparticles suspended in them are called nanofluids, a term proposed in 1995 by Choi of the Argonne National Laboratory, U.S.A, [2]. Nanofluids are fluids with nanoparticles suspended in them are called nanofluids. In other words, nanofluids are nanoscale colloidal suspensions containing condensed nanomaterials. They are two-phase systems with one phase (solid phase) in another (liquid phase). [3]. Nanofluids have been shown to improve critical heat flux CHF under pool boiling conditions due to deposits of the nanoparticles on the heater surface [4]. As a bubble nucleates and evaporates, the local nanoparticle concentration increases, leading to their deposition in the vicinity of the nucleation cavities. Experiments with nanofluids of alumina particles under subcooled flow boiling in a large-diameter (8.7 mm) tube under vertical orientation have been investigated [5]. Pure water showed a CHF of 1.44 MW/m2 at an inlet subcooling of 20°C, while the nanofluids with 0.01% by volume alumina nanoparticles resulted in a CHF of 3.25 MW/m2 under a mass flux of 1500 kg/m2 s. The nature of the CHF failure was also noted to be quite different. The CHF with pure water resulted in a catastrophic failure of the tube at the cross-section, while the CHF with the alumina nanoparticles resulted in a localized pinhole type failure. The higher wettability caused by nanoparticle deposits is believed to improve wettability and prevent the growth of local burnout at the CHF location. Although these results are for a macroscale tube, they are included here to illustrate the basic mechanism that may be affecting nanofluid behavior in minicanals and microchannels as well. In a subsequent paper, heat transfer coefficients for the same tests were reported [6]. They observed no appreciable difference in the heat transfer coefficient between the nanofluids and pure water. an experiment was Conducted with copper–water nanofluids in 860-µm vertical channels under flow boiling conditions [7]. They noted that the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop both increased with the addition of three concentrations, 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 50 mg/L. The heat transfer coefficient increased over the entire range of quality. The heat transfer coefficient with pure water was well correlated [8] The increase in pressure drop observed with nanofluids is somewhat surprising, but it may be caused by the more prominent role played by the bubbles, which are faced with a more hydrophilic surface with nanofluids under subcooled flow boiling conditions [7]. Their two-phase friction pressure drop with pure water was well correlated [9]. Direct dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles plays a critical role [10]. When the particles were not well dispersed, the heat transfer coefficient decreased by as much as 55% in comparison to pure R-134a in a 7.9-mm inner diameter tube. Well-dispersed nanofluids containing polyester oil with CuO nanoparticles resulted in a 100% increase. The pressure drop increase was insignificant. experiments with deionized water and alumina nanofluids in 510-µm-diameter microchannels under low mass flow rate conditions of 600–1650 kg/m2 s was investigated [11] . They found that CHF with nanofluids increased by 51% with 0.1% by volume of alumina nanoparticles. CHF increased with nanoparticle concentration from 0.001% to 0.1% by volume. They also noted that the pressure fluctuations were quite different with the nanofluids. The surface of a Zirlo tube used in nuclear applications was modified. It was treated with anodic oxidation and resulted in improved wettability [12]. This surface also exhibited up to 60% enhancement in CHF over a plain tube at a mass flux
CC. 4 INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTIONA Review on Nanofluids, Definition, Classification, Preparation, Characterization Methods and Application- Mohammed Sulieman Ali Eltoum
of 1500 kg/m2 s. This further confirms that the surface wettability modification is the underlying reason for CHF enhancement with nanofluids. Flow boiling with nanofluids results in the deposition of nanoparticles on the heater surface. This thin layer of nanoparticles changes the surface wettability of the channel walls. The higher wettability alters bubble behavior and enhances CHF. Since deposition of the nanoparticles depends on a number of factors, such as the size and dispersion of the nanoparticles, heat fluxes, nanoparticle–liquid interaction, concentration, duration of operation, and the base surface conditions, significant variations in the experimental results are expected from different sources [13]. Providing a thin nanostructured layer on the heater surface by microfabrication techniques may be an alternate way to realize the same benefits. Nanofluids offered marginal improvement in heat transfer, but the particles deposited in large clusters near the channel exit, causing catastrophic failure [14]. In light of their findings, the longterm benefits on boiling performance need to be validated, and the effect of nanoparticles on the other system components needs to be carefully evaluated before their practical implementation [13]. Recently, nanotechnology has played a major part in multifields of heat transfer processes and developed a remarkable progress in the energy applications. One of the most plausible applications of nanotechnology is to produce nanoparticles of high thermal conductivity and mixing with the base fluids that transfer energy forming what is called nanofluids. Adding of nanoparticles to the base fluid shows a remarkable enhancement of the thermal properties of the base properties. Nanotechnology has greatly improved the science of heat transfer by improving the properties of the energytransmitting fluids. A high heat transfer could be obtained through the creation of innovative fluid (nanofluids). This also reduces the size of heat transfer equipment and saves energy [15].
निष्कर्ष
संदर्भ
Xiang-Qi Wang and Arun S. Mujumdar, A REVIEW ON NANOFLUIDS - PART I: THEORETICAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2008, 25, ( 04), 613 – 630.
[2] Choi, S. U. S. Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids wit nanoparticles. Developments and Applications of Non-Newtonian Flows, FED-1995, 231/MD, 66, 99–105.
[3] Wei Yu andHuaqing Xie, A Review on Nanofluids: Preparation, StabilityMechanisms, and Applications, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Journal of Nanomaterials,Volume 2012, Article ID 435873, 17 pages .
[4] Kim JS: Pool boiling heat transfer charactersitics of nanofluids. In Masters Thesis. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2007.
[5] Kim SJ, McKrell T, Buongiorno J, Hu L-w: Subcooled flow boiling heat transfer of dilute alumina, zinc oxide, and diamond nanofluids at atmospheric pressure. Nuclear Eng Des 2010, 240(5):1186–1194.
[6] Kim TI, Jeong TH, Chang SH: An experimental study on CHF enhancement in flow boiling using Al2O3nano-fluid. Int J Heat Mass Transf 2010, 53(5–6):1015– 1022.
[7] Boudouh M, Gualous HL, De Labachelerie M: Local convective boiling heat transfer and pressure drop of nanofluid in narrow rectangular channels.Appl Therm Eng 2010, 30(17-18):2619-2631.
[8] Kandlikar S.G., Balasubramanian P. , An extension of the flow boiling correlation to transition laminar and deep laminar flows in minichannels and microchannels, Heat Transfer Engineering, 2004, 25(3), 86–93.
[9] English N.J., Kandlikar S.G., An experimental investigation into the effect of surfactants on air-water two phase flow in minichannels, Heat Transfer Engineering, 2006,27 , 99-109.
[10] Henderson K, Park Y.-G, Liu L, Jacobi AM: Flow-boiling heat transfer of R- 134a-based nanofluids in a horizontal tube. Int J Heat Mass Transf 2010, 53(56):944-951.
[11] Saeid Vafaei and Dong-Sher Wen, 14th international heat transfer conference,convective Heat transfer of alumina Nanofluids in amicro channel,2010, August 8-13,Washintong,Dc,USA.
[12] Ahn,H.S.Kang.S.H.Lee,C.,Kim,J.,Kim,M.H., The effect of liquid spreading due to micro-structure of flow boiling critical heat flux.Int.J.Multiphase Flow2012, 43.1-12.
[13] Satish G. Kandlikar ,Flow Boiling in Minichannels and Microchannels, in Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Minichannels and Microchannels (Second Edition), 2014
[14] Jaeseon Lee and IssamMudawar, Assessment of the effectiveness of nanofluids for single-phase and two-phase heat transfer in micro-channels International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2007, 50(3–4), 452-463.
[15] Nanofluid: New Fluids by Nanotechnology,Mahmoud Salem Ahmed, 2019, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86784. [16] Witharana S, Palabiyik I, Musina Z, Ding Y. Stability of glycol nanofluids— The theory and experiment. Powder Technology. 2013;239:72-77
[17] Jailani S, Franks GV, Healy TW. The potential of nanoparticle suspensions: Effect of electrolyte concentration, particle size and volume fraction. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 2008;91:1141-1147
[18] Yu W, Huaqing XA. Review on nano-fluids: Preparation, stability mechanisms, and applications. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2012;2012:435873. 17p [19] Quddoos A, Anand A, Mishra GK, Nag P. Nano-fluids: Introduction, preparation, stability analysis and stability enhancement techniques. IJPAS. 2014;1:31-36
[20] Neto ET, Filho EPB. Preparation methods of nano-fluids to obtain stable dispersions. In: 13th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering; 2010,December 5–10.
[21] Micha D, Marcin L, Grzegorz D, Andrzej G. Preparation of metal oxide-water nanofluids by two-step method. Prosimy Cytowa Jako: Inżynieria I Aparatura Chemiczna. 2012; 51:213 215.
[22] Barrett TR et al. Investigating the use of nanofluids to improve high heat flux cooling systems. Fusion Engineering. 2013;88:2594-2597
[23] Patel HE, Das SK, Sundararajan T, Sreekumaran Nair A, George B, Pradeep T. Thermal conductivities of naked and monolayer protected metal nanoparticle based nanofluids: Manifestation of anomalous enhancement and chemical effect. Applied Physics Letters. 2003;83: 2931-2933
[24] Xuan Y, Li Q. Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. 2000;21:58-64 [25] Hu P, Shan W-L, Yu F, Chen Z-S. Thermal conductivity of AlN-ethanol nanofluids. International Journal of Thermophysics. 2008;29:1968-1973 [26] Kole M, Dey TK. Thermal conductivity and viscosity of AINethanol nanofluids based on car engine coolant. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2010;43:10 [27] Beck MP, Sun T, Teja AS. The thermal conductivity of alumina nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol. Fluid Phase Equilibria. 2007;260: 275-278
[28] Nerella S, Sudheer NVVS, Bhramara P. Enhancement of heat transfer by nanofluids in solar collectors. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET). 2014;3:115-120
[29] Mukherjee S, Paria S. Preparation and stability of nano-fluids—A review. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering. 2012;9:63-69
[30] Eastman JA, Choi SUS, Li S, Yu W, Thompson LJ. Anomalously increased effective thermal conductivities of ethylene glycol-based nano-fluids containing copper nanoparticles. Applied Physics Letters. 2001;78: 718-720
[31] Li Y, Zhou J, Tung S, Schneider E, Xi S. A review on development of nanofluid preparation and characterization. Powder Technology. 2009;196:89-101
[32] Lo CH, Tsung TT, Chen LC. Shape controlled synthesis of Cu-based nanofluid using submerged arc nanoparticle synthesis system (SANSS). Journal of Crystal Growth. 2005;277:636-642
[33] Lo CH, Tsung TT, Chen LC, Su CH, Lin HM. Fabrication of copper oxide nano-fluid using submerged arc nanoparticle synthesis system (SANSS). Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2005; 7:313-320
CC. 4 INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTIONMaterial Science Letters, dd(mm): vol.-no.
[34] Zhu HT, Lin YS, Yin YS. A novel one-step chemical method for preparation of copper nano-fluids. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2004;277:100-
103
[35] Bonnemann H, Botha SS, Bladergroen B, Linkov VM. Monodisperse copper- and silvernanocolloids suitable for heatconductive fluids. Applied Organometallic
Chemistry. 2005;19: 768-773
[36] Singh AK, Raykar VS. Microwave synthesis of silver nano-fluids with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and their transport properties. Colloid & Polymer Science.
2008;286:1667-1673
[37] Kumar A, Joshi H, Pasricha R, Mandale AB, Sastry M. Phase transfer of silver nanoparticles from aqueous to organic solutions using fatty amine molecules.
Journal of Colloid andmInterface Science. 2003;264:396-401
[38] Yu W, Xie H, Wang X, Wang X. Highly efficient method for preparing homogeneous and stable colloids containing graphene oxide. Nanoscale Research
Letters. 2011;6:1-7
[39] Wei X, Wang L. Synthesis and thermal conductivity of microfluidic copper nano-fluids. Particuology. 2010; 8:262-271
[40] Zhu HT, Zhang CY, Tang YM, Wang JX. Novel synthesis and thermal conductivity of CuO nano-fluid. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2007;111: 1646-1650
[41] Chen Y, Wang X. Novel phasetransfer preparation of monodisperse silver and gold nanoparticles at room temperature. Materials Letters. 2008;62: 2215-2218
[42] Feng X, Ma H, Huang S, et al. Aqueous-organic phase transfer of highly stable gold, silver, and platinum nanoparticles and new route for fabrication of gold
nanofilms at the oil/ water interface and on solid supports. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2006;110:12311-12317
[43] Yu W, Xie H, Chen L, Li Y. Enhancement of thermal conductivity of kerosene-based Fe3O4 nano-fluids prepared via phase-transfer method. Colloids and
Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2010;355:109-113
[44] Wang L, Fan J. Nano-fluidsm research: Key issues. Nanoscale Research Letters. 2010;5:1241-1252.
[45] Wisut Chamsa-ard, Sridevi Brundavanam, Chun Che Fung, Derek Fawcett and Gerrard Poinern, Review Nanofluid Types, Their Synthesis, Properties and
Incorporation in Direct Solar Thermal Collectors: A Review., Nanomaterials 2017, 7, 131.
[46] Ghadimi, A.; Saidur, R.; Metselaar, H.S.C. A review of nanofluid stability properties and characterization in stationary conditions. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf.
2011, 54, 4051–4068.
[47] Masuda, H.; Ebata, A.; Teramae, K.; Hishinuma, N. Alteration of thermal conductivity and viscosity of liquid by dispersing ultra-fine particles. Netsu Bussei.
1993, 7, 227–233.
[48] Wang, X.; Xu, X.; Choi, S.U.S. Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle fluid mixture. J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. 1999, 13, 474–480.
[49] Duan, F.; Dingtian, K.; Alexandru, C. Viscosity affected by nanoparticle aggregation in Al2O3-water nanofluids. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2011, 6, 248.
[50] Eastman, J.A.; Choi, U.S.; Li, S.; Thompson, L.J.; Lee, S. Enhanced thermal conductivity through the development of nanofluids. In Proceedings of the Materials
Research Society Symposium; Materials Research Society: Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1997; 457, 3–11.
[51] Yoo, D.; Hong, K.; Yang, H. Study of thermal conductivity of nanofluids for the application of heat transfer fluids. Thermochim. Acta 2007, 455, 66–69.
[52] Hong, K.S.; Hong, T.K.; Yang, H.S. Thermal conductivity of Fe nanofluids depending on the cluster size of nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 031901.
[53] Lotfizadeh Dehkordi, B.; Ghadimi, A.; Metselaar, H.S.C. Box-Behnken experimental design for investigation of stability and thermal conductivity of TiO2
nanofluids. J. Nanopart. Res. 2013, 15, 1369.
[54] Schramm, L.L.; Stasiuk, E.N.; Marangoni, D.G. Surfactants and their applications. Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem. Sect. 2003, 99, 3–48.
[55] Yu, W.; Xie, H. A Review on nanofluids: Preparation, stability mechanisms, and applications. J. Nanomater. 2012, 2012, 1–17.
[56] Chen, L.; Xie, H.; Li, Y.; Yu,W. Nanofluids containing carbon nanotubes treated by mechanochemical reaction. Thermochim. Acta 2008, 477, 21–24.
[57] Li, Q.; Yimin, X.; Jian, W. Measurement of the viscosity of dilute magnetic fluids. Int. J. Thermophys. 2006, 27, 103–113.
[58] Hung, Y.H.;Wen-Chieh, C. Chitosan for suspension performance and viscosity of MWCNTs. Int. J. Chem. Eng. 2012, 3, 347–353.
[59] Wu, D.; Zhu, H.; Wang, L.; Liu, L. Critical issues in nanofluids preparation, characterization and thermal conductivity. Curr. Nanosci. 2009, 5, 103–112.
[60] Dhinesh Kumar Devendiran, Valan Arasu Amirtham. A review on preparation, characterization, properties and applications of nanofluids, Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 60, 21–40.
[61] Choi, S.U.S., Nanofluids: from vision to reality through research, J. Heat Transfer, 2009, 131, 033106-1–033106-9.
[62] Zh.S. Akhatov, S.Z. Mirzaev, Zhiyong Wu, S.S. Telyaev, E.T. Zhuraev, T.I. Zhuraev, Research on Thermophysical Properties of Nanoliquids Based on SiO2
Nanoparticles for Use As a Heat-Transfer Medium in Solar-Thermal Converters, SOLAR POWER PLANTS AND THEIR APPLICATION, 2018, 1, 57–69.
[63] Nagarajan PK, Subramani J, Suyambazhahan S, Sathyamurthy R. Nano-fluids for solar collector applications: A review. Energy Procedia. 2014;61:2416-2434.
[64] Putra N, Roetzel W, Das SK. Natural convection of nano-fluids. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2003;39:775-784
[65] Yang Y, Zhang ZG, Grulke EA, Anderson WB, Wu G. Heat transfer properties of nanoparticle-in-fluid dispersions (nano-fluids) in laminar flow. International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2005;48:1107-1116
[66] Chun BH, Kang HU, Kim SH. Effect of alumina nanoparticles in the fluid on heat transfer in double-pipe heat exchanger system. Korean Journal of Chemical
Engineering. 2008;25:966-971
[67] Chandrasekar M, Suresh S, Chandra BA. Experimental studies on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of Al2O3/water nanofluid in a circular pipe
under laminar flow with wire coil inserts. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2010;24:122-130.
[68] Suresh S, Venkitaraj KP, Selvakumar P. Comparative study on thermal performance of helical screw tape inserts in laminar flow using Al2O3 water and
CuO/water nano-fluids. Superlattices and Microstructures. 2011; 49:608-622
[69] Zamzamian A, Oskouie SN, Doosthoseini A, Joneidi A, Pazouki M. Experimental investigation of forced convective heat transfer coefficient in nano-fluids of
Al2O3/EG and CuO/EG in a double pipe and plate heat exchangers under turbulent flow. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2011;35: 495-502
[70] Corcione M, Cianfrini M, QuintinoA. Heat transfer of nano-fluids in turbulent pipe flow. International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2012;56:58-69
[71] He Y, Jin Y, Chen H, Ding Y, Cang D, Lu H. Heat transfer and flow behavior of aqueous suspensions of TiO2 nanoparticles (nano-fluids) flowing upward
through a vertical pipe. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2007;50:2272-2281
[72] Yu W, France DM, Smith DS, Singh D, Timofeeva EV, Routbort JL. Heat transfer to a silicon carbide/water nano fluid. International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer. 2009;52:3606-3612
CC. 4 INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTIONA Review on Nanofluids, Definition, Classification, Preparation, Characterization Methods and Application- Mohammed Sulieman Ali Eltoum
[73] Anoop KB, Sundararajan T, Das SK. Effect of particle size on the convective heat transfer in nano-fluid in the developing region. International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer. 2009;52: 2189-2195
[74] Ding Y, Alias H, Wen D, Williams RA. Heat transfer of aqueous suspensions of carbon nanotubes (CNT nano-fluids). International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer. 2006;49: 240-250
[75] Witharana S, Palabiyik I, Musina Z, Ding Y. Stability of glycol nanofluids— The theory and experiment. Powder Technology. 2013;239:72-77
[76] Corcione M. Empirical correlating equations for predicting the effective thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of nano-fluids. Energy Conversion and
Management. 2011;52: 789-793
[77] Naik M.T., Ranga Janardhana G. , Vijay Kumar Reddy K., Subba Reddy B.,ARPN Journal of Engineering and applied sciences,2010, 5(6),.
[78] SureshS,Venkitaraj KP,Selvakumar P,Chandrasekar M. Synthesis of Al2O3– Cu/water hybridnanofluids using two step method and its thermophysical
properties. Colloids Surf A:PhysicochemEngAsp 2011;388:41–8.
[79] Einstein A. Investigations on the theory of the Brownian motions. New York: Dover Publications; 1956.
[80] Garg J,Poudel B,Chiesa M,Gordon J, MaJ J,Wang JB, Ren ZF,Kang YT, Ohtani H, Nanda,McKinley J,ChenGH.G.Enhanced thermal conductivity and viscosity
ofcopper nanoparticles in ethyleneglycolnanofluid. Jappl Phys 2008;103(7):074301-1–6.
[81] Deven diran D.K.,.Amirtham V.A, A review on preparation, characterization, properties and applications of nanofluids, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews,2016 60, 21–40
[82] Chen L,Xie H, Li Y,Yu W.Nanofluids containing carbon nano tubes treated by mechano chemical reaction.Thermo chim Acta 2008; 477(1–2):21–4.
[83] Li JM, Li ZL,Wang BX. Experimental viscosity measurements for copper oxide nanoparticles suspensions.Tsinghua Sci Technol 2002; 7(2): 198–201.
[84] Wang X, Xu X, Choi SUS.Thermal conductivity of nanoparticles–fluid mix- ture. J Thermo phys HeatTransf 1999;13(4):474–80.
[85] Le-Ping Zhou,Bu-Xuan Wang,Xiao-Feng Peng,Xiao-Ze Du,Yong-Ping Yang, On the Specific Heat Capacity of CuO Nanofluid,Hindawi Publishing
Corporation, Advances in Mechanical Engineering,Volume 2010.
[86] Sekhar TVR, Characterization of Nanofluids-A Brief Overview, IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development,2015, 3 (07), 2321-0613
[87] Verma SK, Tiwari AK. Progress of nano-fluid application in solar collectors: A review. Energy Conversion and Management. 2015;100:324-346
[88] Shin D, Banerjee D. Specific heat of nano-fluids synthesized by dispersing alumina nanoparticles in alkali salt eutectic. International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer. 2014;74:210-214
[89] Shin D, Banerjee D. Enhanced thermal properties of SiO2 nanocomposite for solar thermal energy storage applications. International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer. 2015; 84:898-902
[90] Kumaresan V, Mohaideen Abdul Khader S, Karthikeyan S, Velraj R. Convective heat transfer characteristics of CNT nano-fluids in a tubular heat exchanger
of various lengths for energy efficient cooling/heating system. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2013;60:413-421
[91] Mohebbi A. Prediction of specific heat and thermal conductivity of nanofluids by a combined equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation.
Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2012;175:51-58
[92] Murshed SMS, Nieto de Castro CA. Superior thermal features of carbon nanotubes-based nano-fluids—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
2014;37:155-167
[93] Nelson IC, Banerjee D, Ponnappan R. Flow loop experiments using polyalphaolefin nano-fluids. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer. 2009;23:752-
761
[94] Akhavan-Behabadi MA, Pakdaman MF, Ghazvini M. Experimental investigation on the convective heat transfer of nano-fluid flow inside vertical helically
coiled tubes under uniform wall temperature condition. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. 2012;39:556-564
[95] Fakoor Pakdaman M, Akhavan- Behabadi MA, Razi P. An experimental investigation on thermo-physical properties and overall performance of MWCNT/heat
transfer oil nano-fluid flow inside vertical helically coiled tubes. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2012;40:103-111
[96] Ho MX, Pan C. Optimal concentration of alumina nanoparticles in molten Hitec salt to maximize its specific heat capacity. International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer. 2014;70:174-184
[97] Pak BC, Cho YI. Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids with submicron metallic oxide particles. Experimental Heat Transfer. 1998;11: 151-
1700
[98] Sonawane S, Patankar K, Fogla A,Puranik B, Bhandarkar U, Sunil KS. An experimental investigation of thermophysical properties and heat transfer performance
of Al2O3-aviation turbine fuel nano-fluids. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2011;31:2841-2849
[99] Choi J, Zhang Y. Numerical simulation of laminar forced convection heat transfer of Al2O3–water nano-fluid in a pipe with return bend. International Journal
of Thermal Sciences. 2012;55: 90-102
[100] Pandey S, Nema VK. Experimental analysis of heat transfer and friction factor of nano-fluid as a coolant in a corrugated plate heat exchanger. Experimental
Thermal and Fluid Science. 2012;38:248-256
[101] Zhou S-Q, Ni R. Measurement of the specific heat capacity of water-based Al2O3 nano-fluid. Applied Physics Letters. 2008;92:1-3
[102] Kulkarni DP, Vajjha RS, Das DK, Oliva D. Application of aluminum oxide nano-fluids in diesel electric generator as jacket water coolant. Applied Thermal
Engineering. 2008;28: 1774-1781
[103] Vajjha RS, Das DK. A review and analysis on influence of temperature and concentration of nano-fluids on thermophysical properties, heat transfer and pumping
power. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2012;55:4063-4078
[104] Pantzali MN, Kanaris AG, Antoniadis KD, Mouza AA, Paras SV. Effect of nano-fluids on the performance of a miniature plate heat exchanger with modulated
surface. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. 2009;30:691-699
[105] De Robertis E, Cosme EHH, Neves RS, Kuznetsov AY, Campos APC, Landi SM, et al. Application of the modulated temperature differential scanning
calorimetry technique for the determination of the specific heat of copper nano-fluids. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2012;41:10-17
[106] Liu J, Wang F, Zhang L, Fang X, Zhang Z. Thermodynamic properties and thermal stability of ionic liquidbased nano-fluids containing graphene as advanced
heat transfer fluids for medium-to-high-temperature applications. Renewable Energy. 2014; 63:519-523
[107] He Q, Wang S, Tong M, Liu Y. Experimental study on thermophysical properties of nano-fluids as phasechange material (PCM) in low temperature cool storage.
Energy Conversion and Management. 2012;64: 199-205
[108] Chandrasekar M, Suresh S, Senthilkumar T. Mechanisms proposed through experimental investigations on thermophysical properties and forced convective
heat transfer characteristics of various nano-fluids—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2012;16:3917-3938
CC. 4 INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTIONMaterial Science Letters, dd(mm): vol.-no. [109] Kumar R, Rosen MA. Integrated collector—Storage solar water heater with extended storage unit. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2011;31:348-354
[110] Bharat A. Bhanvase, ... Shriram S. Sonawane, Intensified Heat Transfer Rate With the Use of Nanofluids , Handbook of Nanomaterials for Industrial Applications. 2018,.
[111] Tayyab Raza Shah, Hasan Koten and Hafiz Muhammad Ali ,Performance effecting parameters of hybrid nanofluids, in Hybrid Nanofluids for Convection Heat Transfer, Chapter 5 - Performance effecting parameters of hybrid nanofluids book, 2020,Pages 179-213
_edited.jpg)
bottom of page